Encyclopedia of Dermatology (6 Volume Set) [Nova Biomedical, 2015]

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DERMATOLOGY   (6 VOLUME SET)......Page 2
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DERMATOLOGY   (6 VOLUME SET)......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 14
ABSTRACT......Page 16
2.1. Epidermal Layer......Page 17
2.2.1. Extracellular Matrix of the Dermis......Page 18
2.2.2. Cells in the Dermis......Page 19
2.2.3. Structures Adnexal, Nerves and Vasculature......Page 20
3. HISTOLOGICAL VARIATIONS ACCORDING  TO ANATOMICAL REGION......Page 22
4.3. Immunohistochemistry......Page 23
6.1. Causes of the Cellular and Histological Alterations  of the Dermis with Skin Aging......Page 24
6.1.1. Sun-Protected Skin (Intrinsic Aging)......Page 26
6.1.2. Sunlight-Exposed Skin (Photoaging)......Page 28
6.2.1.2. Dermal Layer......Page 30
6.2.2.1. Dermoepidermal Junction......Page 33
6.2.2.2. Dermal Layer......Page 34
6.3.2. Sunlight-Exposed Skin (Photoaging)......Page 36
6.5. Molecular Changes......Page 37
7. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE CUTANEOUS AGING......Page 38
8. HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE DERMIS  WITH AESTHETIC TREATMENTS......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 42
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 58
2.1. The Cutometer......Page 60
3.1. Fluorescence Spectroscopy......Page 61
3.2. Near Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 62
3.3. Raman Spectroscopy......Page 63
4.1. Ultrasonography......Page 64
4.2. Optical Coherence Tomography......Page 65
4.4. Higher Order Microscopy......Page 66
4.4.1. Two Photon Fluorescence Microscopy......Page 67
5.1. Skin Aging......Page 68
5.3. Edema......Page 69
5.4. Diabetes......Page 70
5.6. Wounds......Page 71
CONCLUSION......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 73
ABSTRACT......Page 78
2. EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL INTERACTIONS......Page 79
2.1. Regulation of Cell Growth and Differentiation......Page 80
2.2. Tissue Repair and Healing......Page 82
3.1. Skin Aging......Page 85
3.3. Skin Tumors......Page 87
3.4. Other Skin Diseases......Page 88
4. MULTIPLE CO-REGULATION SYSTEM: CAPILLARY INDUCTION, GROWTH AND REGENERATION......Page 89
CONCLUSION......Page 91
REFERENCES......Page 92
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 98
INTRODUCTION......Page 100
Melanocytes and Melanosomes......Page 101
Melanin Biosynthesis......Page 102
Factors Regulating Melanin Biosynthesis......Page 104
Pigmentary Disorders......Page 107
Natural Hypopigmentation Agents......Page 108
EFFECT ON MELANOGENESIS......Page 109
Soybean Extract......Page 136
Lectins and Neoglycoproteins......Page 137
INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATION-INDUCED MELANOGENESIS......Page 138
ACCELERATING SKIN DESQUAMATION......Page 140
(2) β-hydroxyacids (BHAs)......Page 141
Arbutin and Its Derivatives......Page 142
Ascorbic Acid and Its Derivatives......Page 144
5,5’-Dipropyl-Biphenyl-2,2’-Diol (Magnolignan®)......Page 145
Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt......Page 146
CONCLUSION......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 148
ABSTRACT......Page 174
INTRODUCTION......Page 175
TYPES AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF FUNGAL MELANINS......Page 176
Cryptococcus Neoformans......Page 178
Fonsecaea Pedrosoi......Page 181
Exophiala Dermatitidis......Page 182
Sporothrix Schenckii......Page 183
Histoplasma Capsulatum......Page 185
Other Dimorphic Fungi......Page 186
Candida Albicans and Other Yeasts......Page 187
Aspergillus......Page 188
Other Human Pathogenic Fungi......Page 189
Phytopathogenic Fungi......Page 190
Implications for Human Health......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
INTRODUCTION......Page 206
REGULATION BY THE COAT COLOR GENES......Page 208
Agouti, Mahogany, Mahoganoid and Subtle Grey......Page 209
Brown......Page 213
Dilute, Leaden and Ashen......Page 214
Recessive Yellow and Lethal Yellow......Page 215
Pink-Eyed Dilution, Underwhite and Silver......Page 217
Slaty......Page 219
Ruby-Eye 2d, Beige and Mottled......Page 220
CONCLUSION......Page 223
REFERENCES......Page 224
INTRODUCTION......Page 236
Hyphal Morphology and Vegetative Growth Rate......Page 238
Purification of Melanin from Wild-type Hyphae......Page 239
Quantification of Melanin in Mycelia......Page 240
Inoculation of Rice Using Conetainer Assay......Page 241
Wax Embedment and Sectioning of Rice Roots Harvested from Conetainer Assay......Page 242
The Effect of Melanin Hyphal Width......Page 243
Fungal Vegetative Growth in Different Cultures......Page 244
Quantification of Melanin in Gaeumannomyces Graminis var. graminis Hypha......Page 245
Histopathological Observations of Rice Inoculated in Conetainer Assay......Page 247
Histopathological Observation of Rice inoculated in Petri-plate Assay......Page 250
Nature of Mutations Used (Pigmentation and Morphology)......Page 252
Effect of Melanin on Fungal Hyphal Morphology and Vegetative Growth Rate......Page 254
Melanin Quantification......Page 256
The Effect of Melanin on the Histopathology of Gaeumannomyces Graminis......Page 257
Effect of Melanin on Fungal Pathogenicity......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 260
ABSTRACT......Page 264
2. THE DISORDERS IN ABERRANT MIGRATION OF MELANOBLASTS......Page 265
3. THE DISORDERS IN BIOGENESIS OF MELANOSOMES IN MELANOCYTES......Page 266
4. THE DISORDERS IN THE TRANSLOCATION OF MELANOSOMES IN MELANOCYTES......Page 267
7. THE DISORDERS OF UNREGULATED MELANOGENESIS......Page 268
7. THE DISORDERS OF NO OR DECREASED MELANOGENESIS......Page 270
(1) Dyschromatosis Symmetrica Hereditaria......Page 271
REFERENCES......Page 272
ABSTRACT......Page 286
INTRODUCTION......Page 287
Experimental Techniques......Page 290
Vibrational Spectroscopy: Raman and FTIR......Page 292
Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 295
Fluorescence Spectroscopy......Page 296
Macromolecular Structure: Dynamic Light Scattering......Page 300
Macromolecular Structure: X-Ray Diffraction......Page 301
Macromolecular Structure: Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 303
CONCLUSION......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 305
INTRODUCTION......Page 308
MELANOPHORES: COLOR CHANGES AND HORMONAL CONTROL......Page 309
Melanossomes: An Organelle That Synthesizes and Stores Melanin......Page 310
Visceral Pigmentation: Anatomical Patterns in Anurans......Page 311
THE MELANIN IN HEMATOPOIETIC ORGANS......Page 314
THE FUNCTIONS OF MELANIN IN VISCERAL PIGMENTATION......Page 315
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 317
ABSTRACT......Page 322
INTRODUCTION......Page 323
Curcuma zedoria (Berg.) Rosc. (Zingiberaceae)......Page 329
Melanin Measurement......Page 330
A New Breakthrough in Skin Lightening Benefit: Synergy of Poly Herbal Combination in Inhibiting Melanin Synthesis and Transfer......Page 331
CONCLUSION......Page 334
REFERENCES......Page 335
ABSTRACT......Page 338
MELANOMA- A GROWING PROBLEM......Page 339
Age and Melanoma......Page 341
Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) As a Carcinogen......Page 342
UV and Oxidative Damage......Page 343
UV and DNAPhotodamage......Page 344
Sun Tanning and Melanoma Risk......Page 346
Sunburns......Page 348
Skin Complexion......Page 349
Inherited Determinants of Skin Color......Page 352
Melanocytes......Page 353
Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R)......Page 354
α-MSH and POMC......Page 355
MC1R Antagonists......Page 357
MC1R and NER......Page 358
MC1R and Defense against Oxidative Damage......Page 359
REFERENCES......Page 360
ABSTRACT......Page 380
Pigment Production......Page 381
Pigment Cell Development......Page 382
THE MELANOCORTIN 1 RECEPTOR PATHWAY......Page 383
MC1R in Pigmentation......Page 384
Disruption of the MC1R Signaling Pathway in Mice and Humans......Page 385
EDNRB in Melanocyte Development and Pigmentation......Page 386
THE KIT RECEPTOR PATHWAY......Page 387
KIT Signaling in Melanocyte Development and Pigmentation......Page 388
INTERACTIONS AMONG SIGNALING PATHWAYS......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 391
ABSTRACT......Page 404
MAJOR PATHWAYS IN PIGMENTATION......Page 405
CYTOKINE REGULATION OF MELANOGENESIS......Page 407
GENES INFLUENCING NATURAL VARIATION  IN HUMAN SKIN COLOUR......Page 412
HYPERPIGMENTATION OF SKIN......Page 416
MOSAIC HYPOPIGMENTATION OF SKIN......Page 419
REFERENCES......Page 420
1. MELASMA......Page 428
Histopathology......Page 429
(1) Hormonal Disturbances......Page 430
(2) Photohypersensitibity......Page 431
Treatment......Page 432
Clinical Evaluation of Depigmenting Agents......Page 435
2. PIGMENTATED CONTACT DERMATITIS......Page 438
Treatment......Page 440
3. PIGMENTED COSMETIC DERMATITIS......Page 441
Causative Allergens......Page 444
Treatment......Page 445
4. PIGMENTED PURPURIC LICHENOID DERMATITIS......Page 448
Causation and Treatment......Page 450
5. DIRTY NECK OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS......Page 451
REFERENCES......Page 452
ABSTRACT......Page 456
INTRODUCTION......Page 457
PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN (POMC)......Page 458
MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS (MC-RS)......Page 459
ROLE OF THE MELANOCORTIN SYSTEM IN SKIN PIGMENTATION......Page 461
MUTATION OF POMC/MC-1R ON SKIN PIGMENTATION  AND DISORDER......Page 463
REFERENCES......Page 464
ABSTRACT......Page 470
INTRODUCTION......Page 471
MELANOBLAST-MIGRATION THROUGH BOTH ROUTES FROM THE NC......Page 472
HYPERPIGMENTATION IN SILKY CHICKEN......Page 478
FACTORS INVOLVED IN MELANOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION......Page 481
REFERENCES......Page 483
ABSTRACT......Page 488
The Tinea Capitis (or Scalp Ringworm) Epilation Model......Page 489
The Beauty Shops......Page 490
Possible Side Effects Related to the Epilation Treatment......Page 491
Diagnostic/Therapeutic Techniques and Accidents Can Cause Alopecia......Page 493
Prevention and Treatment of Radiation-Induced Alopecia......Page 494
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 496
REFERENCES......Page 497
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 504
2. STUDIES OF STRESS INVOLVEMENT IN ALOPECIA AREATA IN CHILDREN, ADULTS AND DIFFUSE ALOPECIA IN CHILDREN......Page 505
2.1.1. Demographics......Page 506
2.2. Study on Children/Adolescents......Page 507
2.2.1. Demographics......Page 508
2.2.2. Stress Involvement......Page 510
3.1. Stress Involvement......Page 511
3.3. Quality of Life......Page 514
REFERENCES......Page 515
ABSTRACT......Page 520
3. CLASSIFICATION......Page 521
5. GENETIC FACTORS......Page 524
6. PATHOGENESIS......Page 526
8. TREATMENT......Page 527
REFERENCES......Page 528
ABSTRACT......Page 536
Corticosteroid Therapy......Page 537
Intralesional Corticosteroids......Page 538
Topical Sensitizers......Page 539
Minoxidil......Page 540
Topical Tacrolimus (Protopic)......Page 541
New Biologic Therapies......Page 542
Inhibition of the Fas-Fasl System......Page 543
Laser Therapy......Page 544
REFERENCES......Page 545
ABSTRACT......Page 550
ALOPECIA AREATA AND HLA GENES......Page 551
ALOPECIA AREATA AND NON-HLA GENES......Page 553
CONCLUSION......Page 554
REFERENCES......Page 555
ABSTRACT......Page 560
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 561
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS......Page 562
CLINICAL COURSE, STAGES AND GRADING......Page 566
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 567
DIAGNOSIS......Page 569
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 572
TREATMENT......Page 573
REFERENCES......Page 576
ABSTRACT......Page 586
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 587
2. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF IC. DIFFERENCES IN THE DISTRIBUTION AND PATHOGENICITY BETWEEN THE SPECIES IN NEONATES, CHILDREN AND ADULTS: CANDIDA ALBICANS, CANDIDA GLABRATA, CANDIDA KRUSEI, CANDIDA PARAPSILOSIS, AND CANDIDA TROPICALIS......Page 588
3. RISK FACTORS FOR INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS......Page 594
4. MECHANISMS OF CANDIDA DISSEMINATION......Page 599
5. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS......Page 601
6. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS: FROM THE IDENTIFICATION  OF CANDIDA TO THE NUCLEIC ACID DETECTION......Page 603
7. CARE AND TREATMENT OF PATIENTS. CONCERNS ON ANTIFUNGAL RESISTANCE AND NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES......Page 610
REFERENCES......Page 615
ABSTRACT......Page 632
I. HISTORY......Page 633
II. ECOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 634
III. VIRULENCE FACTORS......Page 635
2. Biofilm Formation......Page 636
A. Aspartic Proteinases......Page 637
B. Phospholipases......Page 638
D. Hemolysin......Page 639
2. Genetics......Page 640
V. ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 642
Fluconazole......Page 643
Echinocandins......Page 644
VI. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT......Page 645
1. Candidemia......Page 646
2. Endocarditis......Page 647
4. Onychomycosis......Page 648
5. Endophthalmitis......Page 649
6. Peritonitis......Page 650
7. Arthritis......Page 651
9. Vulvovaginitis......Page 652
10. Urinary Tract Infection......Page 653
REFERENCES......Page 654
ABSTRACT......Page 670
ORAL CANDIDAL INFECTION: PREVALENCE,  SYMPTOMS, AND ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS......Page 671
Antifungal Agents......Page 675
Denture Hygiene......Page 678
Microwave Irradiation for Denture Disinfection and Oral Candidiasis Treatment......Page 681
Photodynamic Therapy for Denture Disinfection and Oral Candidiasis Treatment......Page 683
Adjunctive Modalities for Oral Candidiasis Treatment......Page 685
REFERENCES......Page 686
ABSTRACT......Page 702
1. FACTORS INFLUENCING HOST-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS......Page 703
2. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF ORAL CANDIDIASIS......Page 706
3. ORAL CANDIDIASIS DIAGNOSIS......Page 707
Use of D-Arabinitol Fungal Metabolite in Diagnosing Fungal Infections......Page 708
4.1. Study Synopsis......Page 709
4.2.1. Phagocyte Impairment......Page 711
4.2.2. Decreased Count of Impaired Function T Lymphocytes......Page 712
4.3.1. Pharmacological Immunosuppression Cytostatics Used in Neoplasms......Page 715
Immunosupressants in Glomerulonephritis and Transplantology......Page 717
Results......Page 721
REFERENCES......Page 724
ABSTRACT......Page 732
INTRODUCTION......Page 733
CANDIDA SPP. AND OXIDATIVE STRESS......Page 734
THE OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OFANTI-CANDIDA DRUGS......Page 737
REFERENCES......Page 744
INTRODUCTION......Page 750
STEROID INHALATION THERAPY......Page 751
TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY......Page 753
STEROID INDUCED ORAL CANDIDIASIS WITH INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS......Page 754
MANAGEMENT OF STEROID INDUCED ORAL CANDIDIASIS......Page 755
ANIMAL MODELS: EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ORAL CANDIDIASIS WITH STEROID TREATMENT......Page 756
MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS OF STEROID  INDUCED ORAL CANDIDIASIS......Page 757
PREVENTIVE MEASURES......Page 758
REFERENCES......Page 759
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 764
2.2. Microscopic Examinations......Page 766
2.2.2. Fluorescent Staining......Page 767
2.2.3. The Staining Method Using Fungiflora Y......Page 768
3. DIFFERENCES IN THE CYTOLOGICAL FINDINGS BETWEEN PSUEDOMEMBRANOUS AND ERYTHEMATOUS CANDIDIASIS......Page 769
4.2. Comparison of the Accuracy of Fungiflora Y with Modified Giemsa Staining......Page 770
5.1.2. Methods for Microscopic Examination......Page 772
5.2. Relationship between the Microscopic and Cultural Examinations of Candida......Page 773
REFERENCES......Page 774
ABSTRACT......Page 776
Peripheral Cyanosis......Page 777
APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH CYANOSIS......Page 778
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH CYANOSIS......Page 780
REFERENCES......Page 781
ABSTRACT......Page 782
Cardiac Etiologies......Page 783
Respiratory Etiologies......Page 784
Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury......Page 785
Intelligence......Page 787
Motor......Page 788
Attention and Executive Function......Page 789
Academic......Page 790
INTERVENTIONS......Page 791
REFERENCES......Page 795
INTRODUCTION......Page 804
PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISM......Page 805
SYMPTOMATOLOGY......Page 808
SYNCHRONOUS AIRWAY LESIONS......Page 809
DIAGNOSIS......Page 810
TREATMENT......Page 811
NON-INVASIVE VENTILATION......Page 813
REFERENCES......Page 814
ABSTRACT......Page 820
1. THE SPECTRAL REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OBJECT VIEWED......Page 821
2. THE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIGHTING......Page 823
Influences on Perception......Page 827
REFERENCES......Page 828
ABSTRACT......Page 830
I. SKIN HOMEOSTASIS AND REGULATION OF FUNCTION......Page 831
1. Epidemiology......Page 832
3. Psoriasis and the Quality of Life......Page 833
4. Psoriasis-Associated Co-Morbidities......Page 834
6. Psoriasis Phenotypes......Page 835
I. Chronic Plaque Psoriasis......Page 836
V. Childhood Psoriasis......Page 837
VIII. Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)......Page 838
i. Topical Therapy......Page 839
ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION (UVB)......Page 842
iii. Systemic Therapy......Page 843
Etanercept is Discussed Below as A Representative of this Class of Biologic Therapies......Page 848
8. The Mystery of the Disease Origin......Page 849
THE CONTROVERSIAL ROLE OF DMF......Page 857
CONCLUSION......Page 859
REFERENCES......Page 866
ABSTRACT......Page 886
INTRODUCTION......Page 887
Infections......Page 888
Drugs......Page 889
Cutaneous Traumas......Page 891
Alcohol......Page 892
CLINICAL VARIANTS......Page 893
Psoriasis Vulgaris-Chronic Plaque Psoriasis......Page 894
Seborrhoeic Psoriasis......Page 895
Nail Psoriasis......Page 896
Pustular Psoriasis......Page 897
Erythrodermic Psoriasis......Page 898
General Considerations......Page 899
Corticosteroids......Page 900
Vitamin D Analogues......Page 901
Salicylic Acid......Page 903
Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors......Page 904
Phototherapy......Page 905
UVB Phototherapy......Page 906
Photochemotherapy......Page 907
Methotrexate......Page 908
Acitretin......Page 911
Cyclosporine......Page 913
Other Systemic Drugs......Page 915
Alefacept......Page 916
Adalimumab......Page 917
Etanercept......Page 918
Infliximab......Page 920
Ustekinumab......Page 921
REFERENCES......Page 922
ABSTRACT......Page 926
INTRODUCTION......Page 927
1.1. Expression and Location of Keratin 17......Page 928
1.2. Functions of Keratin 17......Page 929
1.3. Keratin 17 As an Immune Regulator......Page 930
2.1. Expression of K17 in Psoriasis......Page 931
2.2.1. Regulation of K17 Expression by IFN-......Page 932
2.2.3. Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway of K17 Expression......Page 933
2.3. Impact of K17 on Psoriatic Autoreactive T Cells......Page 935
2.3.2. Sequences in K17 Serving As Psoriatic T Cell-Epitopes......Page 936
2.3. K17 and Autoimmune Positive Feedback Loops in Psoriasis......Page 937
3.1. Treatments in Psoriasis......Page 939
3.3. K17 As a Therapeutic Target for Psoriasis......Page 940
4. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 942
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 943
REFERENCES......Page 944
ABSTRACT......Page 952
INTRODUCTION......Page 953
PHOTOTHERAPY – A BRIEF HISTORIC APPROACH......Page 954
UVB THERAPY......Page 955
PUVA THERAPY......Page 956
NB-UVB VERSUS PUVA......Page 958
PUVA AND NB-UVB EFFECTS ON BIOMARKERS......Page 960
REFERENCES......Page 965
ABSTRACT......Page 974
INTRODUCTION......Page 975
APPARATUS......Page 976
Spin Probes......Page 978
EPR Line-Shapes due to Spin Probe Motion......Page 979
Qualitative Mobility Parameter (S)......Page 980
Quantitative Mobility Parameter (S0) by Slow-Tumbling Spectral Simulation......Page 981
Qualitative Mobility Parameter (S) and Quantitative Mobility Parameter (S0) of SC Lipids......Page 982
Quantitative Mobility Parameter (S0) Related to SC Lipid Structure......Page 984
Effects of Skin Penetration Enhancers on SC Lipids......Page 986
SC with Psoriasis Vulgaris......Page 987
Psoriatic Nails......Page 990
REFERENCES......Page 993
ABSTRACT......Page 996
INTRODUCTION......Page 997
Psoriasis and Metabolic Disease......Page 998
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)......Page 999
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)......Page 1004
Uveitis......Page 1005
Psoriasis and Psychological and Psychiatric Comorbidities......Page 1006
REFERENCES......Page 1009
ABSTRACT......Page 1014
Vitamin A......Page 1015
Vitamin D......Page 1016
Low Calorie Diet......Page 1017
Metabolic Syndrome......Page 1018
Alcohol......Page 1019
CONCLUSION......Page 1020
REFERENCES......Page 1021
LINK BETWEEN PSORIASIS AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS......Page 1024
PSORIASIS IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS......Page 1025
BIOLOGIC THERAPIES IN LATE STAGE CLINICAL  DEVELOPMENT FOR PSORIASIS......Page 1026
Conflict of Interests......Page 1028
REFERENCES......Page 1029
INTRODUCTION......Page 1032
CLINICAL ASPECTS......Page 1033
MANAGEMENT OF BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID......Page 1035
REFERENCES......Page 1036
INTRODUCTION......Page 1040
REFERENCES......Page 1043
ABSTRACT......Page 1046
DESQUAMATIVE GINGIVITIS......Page 1047
SPECIFIC SITE CONSIDERATION......Page 1050
MANAGING PATIENTS WITH DESQUAMATIVE GINGIVITIS......Page 1054
REFERENCES......Page 1056
ABSTRACT......Page 1060
INCIDENCE OF INTERNAL MALIGNACIES AMONG BP PATIENTS......Page 1061
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 1063
REFERENCES......Page 1064
ABSTRACT......Page 1066
INTRODUCTION......Page 1067
Fullerene......Page 1068
ANTI-MICROBIAL MOLECULES......Page 1069
Vaccines......Page 1070
Antimicrobial Peptides......Page 1071
Afamelanotide......Page 1072
Talarozole......Page 1073
Cortexolone 17α-Propionate......Page 1074
NATURAL PRODUCTS - HOMOEOPATIC MEDICINE......Page 1075
Marine-Derived Ingredients......Page 1076
KLOX Biophotonic System......Page 1077
Ultrasound Device......Page 1078
CONCLUSION......Page 1079
REFERENCES......Page 1080
ABSTRACT......Page 1084
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN......Page 1085
PRESCRIPTION THERAPY......Page 1086
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 1089
REFERENCES......Page 1091
INTRODUCTION......Page 1094
SKIN AGING: MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS OF THE SKIN......Page 1095
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC SKIN AGING......Page 1096
2. Production of Free Radicals......Page 1098
3. Solar Radiation......Page 1099
4. Hormonal Factors......Page 1100
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 1101
ANTIOXIDANTS......Page 1102
Vitamin C......Page 1103
Alpha Hydroxy Acids......Page 1104
REFERENCES......Page 1105
ABSTRACT......Page 1108
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL CAMERA-CAPTURED PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES......Page 1109
Analysis of Facial Pores......Page 1110
Analysis of Facial Skin Texture......Page 1111
REFERENCES......Page 1112
ABSTRACT......Page 1114
HEAT LOSS MECHANISMS IN THE SKIN......Page 1115
AGE AND SKIN BLOOD FLOW DURING EXERCISE-HEAT STRESS......Page 1118
AGE AND SWEATING RESPONSE DURING EXERCISE-HEAT STRESS......Page 1122
AGED SKIN AND HEAT ACCLIMATISATION......Page 1125
SUMMARY AND FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 1127
REFERENCES......Page 1128
ABSTRACT......Page 1136
2. CLINICAL FEATURES OF AGED SKIN......Page 1137
3.2. Structural and Functional Changes of Extracellular Matrix in Aged Skin......Page 1138
4.1. Overview......Page 1139
4.2.1. Signal Transduction of NF- B......Page 1140
4.2.3. Role of NF-B in Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Protein Expression......Page 1141
4.3. Implication of TGF- in the Regulation of Extracellular Matrix in Aged Skin......Page 1142
4.3.1. TGF- Signaling Pathway and Regulation......Page 1143
4.3.2. Physiological Significance of TGF- in the Regulation of ECM......Page 1144
4.3.3. TGF- Signaling Pathway in Aged Skin......Page 1145
REFERENCES......Page 1146
ABSTRACT......Page 1156
I. SKIN AGING: OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION......Page 1157
II.a. Matrixmetalloproteinases/Elastases......Page 1158
II.b. Collagen......Page 1159
II.c. Elastin......Page 1160
IV. ANTI-SKIN AGING: NICOTINAMIDE AND COPPER......Page 1161
IV.a. Nicotinamide......Page 1162
IV.B. Copper......Page 1163
REFERENCES......Page 1164
ABSTRACT......Page 1172
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1173
1.2. Skin Tension and Anisotropy of Skin Lines Network......Page 1174
1.3. Identification of Langer’s Lines......Page 1176
2. MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF SKIN LINES NETWORK OF CAUCASIAN FRENCH WOMEN DURING AGING......Page 1177
2.1. Multi-Scale Analysis of Skin Lines Network Morphology......Page 1178
2.2. Changing the Orientation of Lines and Anisotropy during Aging......Page 1179
2.4. Anisotropy Index of Skin Lines Network during Aging......Page 1181
2.5. 3D Reconstruction of Skin Line Network: Volumetric Anisotropy and Tree of Skin Tension Network [27, 28, 29, 30]......Page 1182
2.6. Morphological Tree of Skin Line Network [28, 29, 30, 11]......Page 1184
3. PLATES AREA: INDICATOR OF THE LOSS OF ELASTICITY......Page 1185
3.1. Model of Skin Line and Plates Network as Indicators of Aging......Page 1186
3.2. Dynamic Change of Plate Area: Aging Speed of Caucasian Women [33]......Page 1188
REFERENCES......Page 1190
ABSTRACT......Page 1194
II. Clinical Observations and Treatments of Solar Lentigines......Page 1195
III. Histological Manifestation of Solar Lentigines......Page 1196
B. Hyperplasia and Hyperactivity of Melanocytes in Solar Lentigines......Page 1197
C. Molecular Mechanism of Hyperpigmentation: The Expression of Pigmentary Proteins during Solar Lentigines Development......Page 1198
1. The Expression Pattern of Ki76, a Keratinocyte Proliferation Marker, during Solar Lentigines Development......Page 1200
3. Increased KGF/KGFR Expression in the Early-Mid Stages of SLs......Page 1201
A. KGF Increases Hyperpigmentation In Vitro......Page 1202
B. KGF Induces Both Hyperpigmentation and Elongated Rete Ridges In Vivo......Page 1203
CONCLUSION......Page 1204
REFERENCES......Page 1205
INTRODUCTION......Page 1212
MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT......Page 1213
Chemical peeling......Page 1214
Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL)......Page 1216
LED......Page 1219
IPL Type......Page 1221
Fractional CO2 Laser......Page 1223
REFERENCES......Page 1226
ABSTRACT......Page 1230
INTRODUCTION......Page 1231
Skin Exposure to UVR......Page 1233
Ozone Depletion and UVR......Page 1235
UVR AND ITS PENETRATION TO THE SKIN......Page 1236
DAMAGING EFFECT OF UVR......Page 1237
DNA Damage......Page 1238
Damage to Elastin and Collagen and Wrinkle Formation......Page 1239
Why UV Radiation Accelerates the Aging Process?......Page 1240
UVR AND ROS FORMATION......Page 1241
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH UVR CAUSES PHOTOAGING......Page 1242
INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE HYPOTHESIS......Page 1244
Sunburn......Page 1245
Tanning......Page 1246
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF UV......Page 1247
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF SUNSCREENS......Page 1248
TREATMENT OF PHOTOAGING......Page 1250
REFERENCES......Page 1251
INTRODUCTION......Page 1260
Clouds, Particulates, and Reflections......Page 1261
Solar Ultraviolet Index......Page 1262
INTRINSIC PHOTOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF THE SKIN......Page 1263
Automobile and Airplane Glass......Page 1264
Sunglasses......Page 1265
Other Eye Protection......Page 1267
Hats......Page 1268
Sunscreens......Page 1269
Organic Sunscreen Agents......Page 1270
Inorganic Agents......Page 1271
SYSTEMIC PHOTOPROTECTIVE AGENTS......Page 1272
Afamelanotide......Page 1273
Other Antioxidants......Page 1274
CONCLUSION......Page 1275
REFERENCES......Page 1276
ABSTRACT......Page 1280
INTRODUCTION......Page 1281
METHODS......Page 1282
RESULTS......Page 1283
Reasons for Tanning......Page 1284
Artificial Tanning......Page 1289
Reasons for Tanning......Page 1290
Sun Safety......Page 1292
REFERENCES......Page 1293
ABSTRACT......Page 1298
SUN EXPOSURE AND SKIN CANCER......Page 1299
Sun Exposure......Page 1300
Recommendations for 25OHD Levels......Page 1301
Extra-Skeletal......Page 1302
VITAMIN D AND CANCER RISK, MORBIDITY  AND MORTALITY......Page 1303
VITAMIN D LEVELS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS  WITH MALIGNANCY......Page 1304
CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS AND SUN EXPOSURE......Page 1305
CONCLUSION -  BALANCING RISKS AND BENEFITS OF SUN EXPOSURE......Page 1306
REFERENCES......Page 1307
Chapter 61  THE SURGEON GENERAL’S CALL TO ACTION TO PREVENT SKIN CANCER: FACTS FOR CONSUMERS*......Page 1316
INDOOR TANNING INCREASES THE RISK IF SKIN CANCER, INCLUDING MELANOMA......Page 1317
What can businesses and employers do?......Page 1318
What can individuals and families do?......Page 1319
Why We Must Act Now......Page 1320
Why a Focus on UV Radiation?......Page 1321
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers......Page 1322
Squamous Cell Carcinomas......Page 1323
Variation by Sex......Page 1324
Variation by Anatomic Site......Page 1326
Economic Burden of Skin Cancer......Page 1328
Genetic Factors......Page 1329
Exposure to UV Radiation......Page 1330
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s UV Index......Page 1331
UV Exposure and Skin Cancer......Page 1332
Chronic versus Intermittent UV Exposure......Page 1333
Outdoor Workers......Page 1334
Indoor Tanning......Page 1335
Other Harms Caused by Excessive UV Exposure......Page 1336
Vitamin D......Page 1337
Risks of Indoor Tanning Outweigh Any Potential Benefits......Page 1339
Current Trends in Sun Protection, Sunburn, and Indoor Tanning......Page 1340
REDUCING THE RISK OF SKIN CANCER......Page 1341
Wear a Hat and Sunglasses......Page 1342
Use Sunscreen......Page 1343
Barriers to Using Sun Protection......Page 1344
Social Norms Regarding Tanned Skin......Page 1345
For Clinicians......Page 1346
Current Evidence on Effective Community-Level Interventions......Page 1347
Prevention Policies in Schools......Page 1348
For Outdoor Work Settings......Page 1349
Education and Awareness......Page 1350
Indoor Tanning Policies and Legislation......Page 1351
Federal Policies, Legislation, and Regulation......Page 1353
Indoor Tanning Regulations......Page 1354
Enforcement......Page 1355
Lack of a Comprehensive Approach......Page 1356
International Efforts to Prevent Skin Cancer......Page 1357
GAPS IN RESEARCH AND SURVEILLANCE......Page 1358
Individuals......Page 1359
Outdoor Workers......Page 1360
Indoor Tanning Legislation and Multilevel Influence......Page 1361
Behavioral Surveillance......Page 1362
Vitamin D and Sun Protection......Page 1363
CALLS TO ACTION......Page 1364
Strategy 1A. Increase Shade in Outdoor Recreational Settings......Page 1365
Strategy 1C. Increase Availability of Sun Protection in Educational Settings......Page 1366
Strategy 1D. Increase Availability of Sun Protection for Outdoor Workers......Page 1367
Goal 2: Provide Individuals with the Information They Need to Make Informed, Healthy Choices about UV Exposure......Page 1368
Strategy 2A. Develop Effective Messages and Interventions for Specific Audiences......Page 1369
Strategy 2C. Integrate Sun Safety into Workplace Health Education and Promotion Programs......Page 1370
Strategy 2D. Partner with Health Care Systems and Providers to Implement and Monitor Use of Recommended Preventive Services for Provider Counseling on Skin Cancer Prevention......Page 1371
Strategy 2E. Establish Partnerships between Public and Private Sectors to Disseminate Effective Messages About Skin Cancer Prevention......Page 1372
Goal 3: Promote Policies That Advance the National Goal of Preventing Skin Cancer......Page 1373
Strategy 3B. Promote Electronic Reporting of Reportable Skin Cancers and Encourage Health Care Systems and Providers to Use Such Systems......Page 1374
Strategy 3C. Incorporate Sun Safety into Workplace Policies and Safety Trainings......Page 1375
Goal 4: Reduce Harms from Indoor Tanning......Page 1376
Strategy 4B. Continue to Develop, Disseminate, and Evaluate Tailored Messages to Reduce Indoor Tanning among Populations at High Risk......Page 1377
Strategy 4D. Enforce Existing Indoor Tanning Laws and Consider Adopting Additional Restrictions......Page 1378
Strategy 4E. Address the Risks of Indoor Tanning with Improved Warning Labels and Updated Performance Standards......Page 1379
Strategy 5A. Enhance Understanding of the Burden of Skin Cancer and Its Relationship with UV Radiation......Page 1380
Strategy 5B. Evaluate the Effect of Interventions and Policies on Behavioral and Health Outcomes......Page 1381
Strategy 5C. Build on Behavioral Research and Surveillance Related to UV Exposure......Page 1382
CONCLUSION......Page 1383
Melanomas......Page 1384
APPENDIX  2: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SKIN CANCER......Page 1385
APPENDIX 3: SKIN CANCER SCREENING......Page 1386
RAYS Skin Cancer Prevention Program Shines Bright for New Mexico Schoolchildren......Page 1387
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People......Page 1388
National Cancer Institute......Page 1389
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention......Page 1390
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality......Page 1391
U.S. Food and Drug Administration......Page 1392
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency......Page 1393
Affordable Care Act......Page 1394
APPENDIX 6: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS......Page 1400
REFERENCES......Page 1401
End Notes......Page 1428
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......Page 1430
B. Cancer and Other Health Risks......Page 1432
C. Federal and State Regulation......Page 1433
III. PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY......Page 1435
A. Tanning Salons Provided False Information about the Health Risks of Indoor Tanning......Page 1436
B. Tanning Salons Provided Inaccurate or Misleading Information about Health Benefits of Indoor Tanning......Page 1437
D. Tanning Salons Targeted the Teen Market in Advertisements......Page 1438
E. Tanning Industry Websites Provide Misleading Information......Page 1440
End Notes......Page 1441
ABSTRACT......Page 1444
INTRODUCTION......Page 1445
METABOLOME ANALYSIS OF SUN EXPOSED SKIN......Page 1446
UROCANIC ACID AS A MARKER OF UV EXPOSURE......Page 1448
INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A RESULT OF  ADENOSINE DEGRADATION......Page 1449
ALTERED HOMOCYSTEINE PATHWAY LEADING TO ALTERED RATIO OF GLUTATIONE......Page 1450
NICOTINAMIDE PATHWAY SUGGESTS PATHWAY SUGGESTS SKIN  IS USING SALVAGE PATHWAY AS COMPARED TO DE NOVO PRODUCTION TO CONSUME THE DAMAGED NICOTINAMIDES......Page 1451
SYSTEM BIOLOGY A NEW APPROACH TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFICACY OF SUNSCREEN......Page 1453
SUNSCREEN APPLICATION PREVENTS IRRADIATION INDUCED ISOMERIZATION OF UROCANIC ACID......Page 1454
CONCLUSION......Page 1455
REFERENCES......Page 1457
ABSTRACT.  SUNSCREENS: PROPERTIES, ROLE IN SKIN CANCER PREVENTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 1460
THE MILLENNIA OF PALLOR......Page 1461
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE GROWTH  OF OUTDOOR LEISURE......Page 1462
GROWING KNOWLEDGE OF THE DANGERS OF UV RADIATION......Page 1463
EVOLUTION OF SUNSCREEN: AESTHETICS......Page 1464
EVOLUTION OF SUNSCREEN: EFFICACY......Page 1465
EVOLUTION OF SUNSCREEN: BREADTH OF COVERAGE......Page 1466
THE MULTI-MILLION DOLLAR INDUSTRY......Page 1467
2013 FDA SUNSCREEN REGULATION MANDATE [25]......Page 1468
TIMELINE......Page 1469
REFERENCES......Page 1470
SUNSCREEN AND SKIN CANCER PREVENTION......Page 1472
BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF SUNSCREEN USE......Page 1474
TANNING AND SKIN CANCER......Page 1475
SKIN CANCER PSYCHOLOGY......Page 1476
REFERENCES......Page 1477
1. HUMAN SKIN......Page 1482
1.3. Hypodermis......Page 1483
2. SOLAR RADIATION......Page 1484
2.2. UVA......Page 1485
Erythema......Page 1486
Photocarcinogenesis......Page 1487
4. SUN PROTECTION......Page 1488
4.1. Chemical Filters......Page 1489
4.2. Physical Filters......Page 1490
4.3. Antioxidants......Page 1491
4.4. DNA Repair Agents......Page 1498
4.7. Osmolytes......Page 1499
2-hydroxymelatonin......Page 1500
AMK......Page 1502
Free Radical Scavenger......Page 1503
5.4. Melatonin As a Photoprotective Agent......Page 1504
DNA Damage......Page 1505
REFERENCES......Page 1506
INTRODUCTION......Page 1520
UV Filter Degradation Reactions......Page 1522
Photolysis......Page 1524
Photo-Isomerization......Page 1525
Degradation Induced by Disinfecting Agents......Page 1527
In Vitro Studies......Page 1529
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 1531
REFERENCES......Page 1532
INTRODUCTION......Page 1538
THE PROCESS OF PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION......Page 1539
SKIN PERMEATION OF UV-FILTERS......Page 1542
Human Studies......Page 1543
Animal Studies......Page 1545
NOAEL AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF UV-FILTERS......Page 1546
CONCLUSION......Page 1549
REFERENCES......Page 1550
ABSTRACT......Page 1556
INTRODUCTION......Page 1557
Procedure......Page 1561
Measurements......Page 1562
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 1563
CONCLUSION......Page 1578
REFERENCES......Page 1579
ABSTRACT......Page 1586
INTRODUCTION......Page 1587
Materials......Page 1590
Textile Care - Laundering......Page 1591
Methods......Page 1592
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 1593
REFERENCES......Page 1611
ABSTRACT......Page 1616
2. SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS......Page 1617
3. UV-ABSORBING COMPOUNDS......Page 1618
3.2. Occurrence and Distribution of MAAs......Page 1620
3.3. Regulation of MAAs Biosynthesis......Page 1622
3.4. MAA Biosynthesis under Different Abiotic Factors......Page 1623
4. MAAS AS SUNSCREENS: DOMINANT ROLE IN PHOTOPROTECTION......Page 1625
REFERENCES......Page 1626
SUMMARY......Page 1634
INTRODUCTION......Page 1635
Excessive Exposure to UV Radiation......Page 1636
Childhood and Adolescent UV Exposure......Page 1637
Environmental Factors Affecting UV Radiation......Page 1638
Avoiding the Sun and Wearing Proper Clothing and Sunglasses......Page 1639
Sunscreens......Page 1640
Prevalence of Behavioral Risk Factors, Sun-Safe Behaviors, and Attitudes Related to Sun Safety......Page 1641
Schools as Settings for Skin Cancer Prevention Efforts......Page 1642
SKIN CANCER PREVENTION GUIDELINES......Page 1643
Guideline 1: Policy — Establish Policies that Reduce Exposure to UV Radiation......Page 1644
Policy Options......Page 1645
Physical Environments......Page 1647
Guideline 3: Education — Provide Health Education to Teach Students the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavioral Skills They Need To Prevent Skin Cancer. The Education Should be Age-Appropriate and Linked to Opportunities for Practicing Sun-Safety Behavior......Page 1648
Active Learning and Behavioral Focus......Page 1649
Guideline 4. Family Involvement — Involve Family Members in Skin Cancer Prevention Efforts......Page 1650
Guideline 6: Health Services — Complement and Support Skin Cancer Prevention Education and Sun-Safety Environments and Policies with School Health Services.......Page 1651
CONCLUSION......Page 1652
How to Apply Sunscreen......Page 1653
APPENDIX C. SKIN CANCER EDUCATION RESOURCES......Page 1654
REFERENCES......Page 1656
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL?......Page 1666
Why Shade?......Page 1667
School Grounds Aesthetics......Page 1668
How Can This Manual Be Used?......Page 1669
Time of Year......Page 1670
Atmospheric Ozone......Page 1671
How is UV Radiation Measured?......Page 1672
Sunburn......Page 1673
Basal Cell Cancer......Page 1674
Where Can I Find More Information?......Page 1675
Disadvantages......Page 1678
Considerations......Page 1679
Shade Cloth Structures......Page 1680
Considerations......Page 1681
Considerations......Page 1682
WILDLIFE HABITAT CREATION......Page 1683
RESOURCES FOR NATURAL SHADE SOLUTIONS......Page 1684
The Shade Planning Team......Page 1685
Behavioral Observations......Page 1686
Environmental Observations......Page 1687
Shade Design......Page 1688
Where Can I Find More Information?......Page 1689
SECTION 4. CASE STUDIES......Page 1690
Approval and Building Costs......Page 1691
Continued Efforts......Page 1692
Getting Started......Page 1693
Continued Efforts......Page 1694
Creating a Collaboration......Page 1695
Building Costs......Page 1696
Continued Efforts......Page 1697
The Sun’s Annual Path and the Creation of Shade......Page 1698
The Sun’s Daily Path and the Creation of Shade......Page 1699
The Earth’s Rotation and Revolution......Page 1700
Putting It All Together......Page 1702
webShade......Page 1703
SECTION 6. HOW TO CONDUCT A SHADE AUDIT......Page 1704
Interview Guides......Page 1705
Sample Questions for School Teachers......Page 1706
Sample Questions for Students......Page 1707
Sample Questions for Neighbors......Page 1708
Environmental Observations......Page 1709
Estimating the Height and Trunk and Canopy Diameters of a Tree......Page 1710
Considering Potential Shade Strategies......Page 1711
Statement of Goals......Page 1712
Approaches for Achieving the Goals......Page 1713
End Notes......Page 1716
1. ABOUT THE SUN SAFETY FOR AMERICA’S  YOUTH TOOLKIT......Page 1718
Why Is It Important to Work with Schools?......Page 1720
Develop Partnerships to Facilitate Sun Safety Planning and Implementation......Page 1721
Identify Other State/Tribe/Territory/Jurisdiction Partners to Engage in Sun Safety Planning......Page 1722
Identify Local Partners to Engage in Sun Safety Planning......Page 1725
4. STEP II. UNDERSTAND SUN SAFETY NEEDS AND RESOURCES IN YOUR STATE/TRIBE/ TERRITORY/JURISDICTION......Page 1727
Assess and Understand the Skin Cancer Burden in Your State/ Tribe/Territory/Jurisdiction......Page 1728
Conduct a Sun Safety Inventory: What Do We Already Know about the Available Resources around Sun Safety in our State/ Tribe/Territory/Jurisdiction?......Page 1730
Understand Your State/Tribe/Territory/Jurisdiction’s Legal and/or Policy Issues Related to Sun Safety......Page 1733
Conduct a SWOT Analysis......Page 1735
External Factors: Opportunities and Threats......Page 1736
Select and Implement Sun Safety Activities......Page 1737
Local......Page 1739
Local......Page 1740
State/tribe/territory/jurisdiction......Page 1741
Local......Page 1742
Local......Page 1743
Why Is Evaluation of Sun Safety Activities Important?......Page 1744
6. STEP IV: EVALUATE SUN SAFETY EFFORTS......Page 1745
CONCLUSION......Page 1750
REFERENCES......Page 1751
End Note......Page 1752
ABSTRACT......Page 1754
1.1C. Elderly......Page 1755
1.2. Etiology......Page 1756
1.2A. Thermal Burns......Page 1757
1.2E. Chemical Burns......Page 1758
1.3. Classification of Burns......Page 1759
1.3A. First Degree Burns......Page 1760
1.4. Incidence of Complications Related to burn......Page 1761
2.1B. Near Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 1763
2.2A. Raman Spectroscopy......Page 1764
3.1. Initial Assessment......Page 1766
3.1B. Fluid Resuscitation......Page 1768
3.2. Wound Care Assessment and Treatment......Page 1771
3.3. Operative Interventions......Page 1773
4.1. Hypertrophic Scarring......Page 1775
4.2. Psychological Challenges......Page 1776
4.3. Muscle Catabolism and Wasting......Page 1777
4.4. Heterotopic Ossification......Page 1778
5.1. Clinical Research......Page 1779
5.2. Basic Science and Translational Science Research......Page 1781
CONCLUSION......Page 1782
REFERENCES......Page 1783
ABSTRACT......Page 1790
Sex......Page 1791
In Patient......Page 1792
Accidental Flame Burn......Page 1793
Accidental Electrical Burn......Page 1796
Fatal Case......Page 1797
Family Monthly Income......Page 1798
Outcome......Page 1799
Management Strategies and Recommendations......Page 1801
REFERENCES......Page 1802
ABSTRACT......Page 1804
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 1805
COMPLICATIONS......Page 1806
TREATMENT METHODS......Page 1807
MULLIGAN’S MOBILISATIONS WITH MOVEMENT (MWM): A MANUAL THERAPY TECHNIQUE......Page 1809
CONCLUSION......Page 1811
REFERENCES......Page 1812
ABSTRACT......Page 1818
WORLDWIDE BURN INCIDENCE AND FIRE INJURIES BURDEN......Page 1819
GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BURNS......Page 1821
DISCUSSION......Page 1823
REFERENCES......Page 1825
INTRODUCTION......Page 1828
CURRENT THERAPIES......Page 1829
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 1831
REFERENCES......Page 1833
INDEX......Page 1838